How are nanobubbles created?
Nanobubbles can be produced in a variety of ways, but some of the most common methods are:
Ultrasonic irradiation: Ultrasonic irradiation is a widely used method for generating nanobubbles. The technique involves exposing a liquid to high-frequency sound waves, which create cavitation bubbles that collapse and release gas into the liquid. Under certain conditions, these bubbles can form stable nanobubbles that persist in the liquid for a significant period of time.
Electrolysis: Electrolysis involves passing an electric current through a liquid, which can generate gas bubbles at the electrodes. By controlling the voltage and current, it is possible to produce very small bubbles in the nanometer range.
Injection or diffusion of gas: Nanobubbles can also be produced by injecting or diffusing gas into a liquid under controlled conditions. For example, gas can be injected into a liquid through a fine nozzle or membrane, or it can be slowly diffused into the liquid under controlled pressure or flow rate.
Chemical reactions: Some chemical reactions can generate gas bubbles, including nanobubbles, as a byproduct. For example, the reaction between an acid and a carbonate can generate carbon dioxide nanobubbles.
It's worth noting that producing stable and uniform nanobubbles can be challenging, and the specific method used will depend on the application and desired properties of the bubbles. Factors that can influence the formation and stability of nanobubbles include the properties of the liquid, the gas used to produce the bubbles, the method of production, and the presence of surfactants or other additives.
